Research Paper Topics

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Pay Someone To Write A Paper With Paytowritepaper Com Such a clear development of logical steps makes the paper simple to comply with. The construction of each introduction paragraph serves the objective of developing the gap. The introduction mustn't comprise a broad literature evaluation beyond the motivation of the paper. This gap-targeted structure makes it straightforward for skilled readers to evaluate the potential significance of a paperâ€"they only need to assess the importance of the claimed hole. A second paragraph could clarify what is unknown about the differentiation of a particular cell kind, similar to astrocytes . It is often helpful to start out the process round descriptions of each resultâ€"these might turn into the section headers within the results section. Because the story has an overall arc, each paragraph ought to have a defined role in advancing this story. At the whole-paper scale, the introduction units the context, the results are the content material, and the discussion brings home the conclusion. Because you are the world’s leading expert at exactly what you are doing, you are also the world’s least qualified person to gauge your writing from the angle of the naïve reader. The majority of writing errors stem from this predicament. Think like a designerâ€"for each element, decide the influence that you just want to have on individuals after which attempt to attain that objective . Try to think by way of the paper like a naïve reader who must first be made to care about the issue you are addressing and then will want to perceive your answer with minimal effort. The title not solely transmits the paper’s central contribution but can even serve as a continuing reminder to focus the textual content on transmitting that concept. Science is, in spite of everything, the abstraction of easy ideas from complicated information. Test readers are essential to be sure that the overall story works. They can even give priceless enter on where the story seems to move too rapidly or too slowly. They can clarify when it is best to go back to the drawing board and retell the whole story. Non-specific suggestions and unenthusiastic evaluations typically indicate that the reviewers did not “get” the massive image story line. A third could present clues that a specific gene may drive astrocytic differentiation after which state that this hypothesis is untested . The gap assertion units the reader’s expectation for what the paper will deliver. Only the central idea of the paper ought to be touched upon multiple instances. Otherwise, every subject ought to be coated in just one place in order to minimize the variety of topic adjustments. The title, abstract, and figures are seen by much more people than the remainder of the paper, and the methods part is read least of all. Figures, their titles, and legends are notably necessary as a result of they present the most objective support of the steps that culminate in the paper’s claim. Moreover, figures are sometimes considered by readers who skip directly from the abstract in order to save time. Thus, the title of the determine ought to communicate the conclusion of the analysis, and the legend should clarify the way it was done. Figure making is an artwork unto itself; the Edward Tufte books remain the gold standard for learning this craft . The time that we do spend on every section can be used effectively by planning text before producing it. We like to write one informal sentence for every planned paragraph. Very particular suggestions normally factors out locations where the logic within a paragraph was not sufficient. It is vital to simply accept this feedback in a optimistic way. Because input from others is crucial, a network of helpful colleagues is key to making a narrative memorable. To keep this community working, make sure to pay back your colleagues by studying their manuscripts. Related sentences or paragraphs ought to be strung collectively rather than interrupted by unrelated material. Ideas which are comparable, such as two the reason why we should always consider something, should come one instantly after the opposite. The C-C-C scheme defines the construction of the paper on multiple scales. This role is finest scrutinized at the outline stage to be able to cut back wasting time on wordsmithing paragraphs that don’t end up becoming inside the overall story. You must also allocate your time based on the significance of every section.

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Essay Writer Services Then I follow a routine that may assist me evaluate this. First, I check the authors’ publication records in PubMed to get a really feel for their experience in the field. I additionally consider whether the article accommodates a great Introduction and outline of the state-of-the-art, as that indirectly reveals whether or not the authors have an excellent knowledge of the field. Second, I take note of the outcomes and whether they have been in contrast with different similar revealed research. Third, I consider whether the outcomes or the proposed methodology have some potential broader applicability or relevance, as a result of in my view this is necessary. Finally, I evaluate whether the methodology used is acceptable. First, I consider how the question being addressed fits into the present status of our information. Second, I ponder how properly the work that was performed truly addresses the central question posed in the paper. We will allow you to perform completely different assignments throughout the training. We don't require a lot of money and we rigorously treat our customers. We don’t disclose information and try to all the time support our customers. I read the digital model with an open word processing file, maintaining a listing of “major items” and “minor objects” and making notes as I go. There are a couple of features that I ensure to address, although I cover much more ground as well. I additionally take note of the schemes and figures; if they are nicely designed and arranged, then in most cases the complete paper has also been carefully thought out. Most journals haven't got particular directions, so I just learn the paper, often starting with the Abstract, trying at the figures, and then reading the paper in a linear fashion. However, I know that being on the receiving end of a evaluation is sort of stressful, and a critique of one thing that is shut to 1’s heart can easily be perceived as unjust. I attempt to write my evaluations in a tone and form that I may put my name to, although reviews in my field are normally double-blind and not signed. A evaluate is primarily for the benefit of the editor, to help them attain a decision about whether or not to publish or not, however I try to make my evaluations helpful for the authors as nicely. I all the time write my evaluations as if I am speaking to the scientists in particular person. The evaluation course of is brutal sufficient scientifically without reviewers making it worse. Unless it’s for a journal I know well, the first thing I do is check what format the journal prefers the review to be in. Some journals have structured evaluate criteria; others just ask for common and particular comments. We give good ensures of accomplished works that you simply received’t need any refinements. So, contact us proper now and take a break as a result of we will do all of the work for you. The supervisor checks term paper for the uniqueness, literacy of particular applications. Leave a request pointing the type of paper to be completed. We guarantee that any term work might be written without plagiarism with the very best proportion of uniqueness. If the authors have offered a brand new software or software program, I will check it intimately. First, I learn a printed version to get an overall impression. The major elements I think about are the novelty of the article and its impact on the field. I all the time ask myself what makes this paper relevant and what new advance or contribution the paper represents.

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Academic Publishing

Academic Publishing Reason for me to verify these rates is an inquiry of a possible new supply I obtained for Content writing. The blog is focused on inside design so there should be a fairly broad selection of candidates. There’s a chart where you can see highs, lows, and averages for various types of writing. It’s fairly specific, and you can see per-word rates as well as hourly and per-page rates. From what I’ve read here, I think lots of you're charging far, far below what you’re price. I’m learning to be flexible with my rates for several types of initiatives. Especially as I attempt to construct up a more experience data in the niches I’m thinking about writing for. It’s all a perform of how long it takes you to write down the post. If you spend three hours on a 500 word publish at $0.03 per word, you have to have a dialogue with the client, as a result of the job isn’t economical. If however you possibly can write up an 800 word post in forty minutes (which I used to do at around $zero.03 per word), you can also make the equal of $36 per hour, which I for one was absolutely delighted with. I perceive that we have to begin someplace however slaving away for $0.03 per word seems to be a very low place to begin. My aim is to build a career, so I don’t think that charging near $0.10 per word is unrealistic, particularly in case your writing is fairly respectable. But while shopping for an essay is definitely a type of cheating, it’s very doubtless that you just won’t end up owning the essay that you simply “purchased”. First, by turning in a paper you paid for, you might be mendacity to your trainer. When you place your name on prime of your paper or on the duvet sheet, you might be saying that every thing in that paper, except specifically cited, is your work. Despite this, many nonetheless declare that because the use was “allowed” by the unique creator that it's ethically acceptable. After all, it’s a case of “victimless” plagiarism. â€" don’t require an insane amount of research/work to write about. Your article may be very helpful for Freelance writing newbies as a supply of information and nice by its fashion and method of rationalization. I’m only new to the world of freelance writing and it’s a complete new ballgame for me. I appreciate all of the free recommendation fantastic minds similar to your self put out. I was in search of some source to grasp what’s an affordable number. We shouldn’t hate shoppers for eager to pay lower than you quote; that’s just a sign that you have to move onto different prospects. I would counsel checking the most recent version of Writer’s Market earlier than you quote a job. While the person has agreed to allow you to use, it’s nonetheless, legally, their work. Copyright in a work, whether it's a paper, song or movie, resides with the creator of the work. Unless that work is by an worker of an organization or the author has signed a contract , the copyright in the work stays with the author. I have simply began my freelance writing career and have been questioning what to cost in my early months. As of right now, i am on job boards like upwork, mainly to seek out experience for writing, and what it’s like working with deadlines and such. My questions is about an enormous essay â€" say 50,000 phrases. Isn’t that somehow more durable than doing a couple of pages right here-and-there? Great to view this as somebody who is about to kick start his writing profession. I am thrilled to know writing profession offers such an excellent pathway. But, I have other clients I cost only $.5/word as a result of the subject is straightforward and it takes me 30 minutes or less to put in writing. Also, I don’t take the cynical view that every one purchasers will ‘take a look at’ you by offering a pittance. In my expertise, most shoppers will ask you what your fee is, quite than make you a suggestion. This makes learning insomnia meaningless because you spend evening doing assignments and may’t study anything new within the morning. When it comes to buying essays, your best wager is to avoid wasting your cash and do the work your self. Buying a paper doesn't make it your work, neither for the assignment it’s submitted for nor in the eyes of the law. Since just shopping for an essay doesn’t make the creator an worker, you don’t own the work until you have a contract transferring copyright in it. We’ve had to let go every blogger we’ve employed because they lacked in a number of the most basic writing ability . How I give you the $120 is that it take about 4 hours for me to write a blog submit with a customized made image that is nicely planned, proof learn, and revised. I’m sorry Lori Reese, however I don't agree with all of your feedback. The clients are shopping for from a provider who has no web site or social network following as a result of he doesn't exist.

Best Essay Writing Service Reddit 2019

Best Essay Writing Service Reddit 2019 Once you've decided on your method to answering the question, you should have the ability to form a reasonably solid plan for the body of the essay. It may be helpful to provide you with a quick reply in your head, as this offers you a basic idea of what to write down about and means you will not have to maintain rereading the query. If well paraphrased and re-written, Turnitin does probably not detect paraphrasing. The software program solely detects matching content material, mostly a word-for-word match with one other document on-line in its database. I used to imagine this fable too, and I was a idiot for doing so. Now, by debunking it, I’ve had the best 16 days of my life; the only downside I now have is determining what concepts to write on. However, be careful not to submit the paper to Turnitin’s repository till the paper is one hundred% clean. If Turnitin detects a paper is plagiarized, it will spotlight the plagiarized text and even convey up a hyperlink to websites containing documents that match the plagiarized textual content. Papers bought on public platforms might show a hundred% plagiarism. This applies everytime you’re not in a great temper (you awakened on the wrong facet of the mattress?), whenever you break a certain productiveness rule or whenever you want a refresh earlier than you start writing once more. Believe me, writing before dealing with the pressure from these websites can go a protracted way to prepare you for the day. You get really good at writing by training your writing muscular tissues; with writing, simply as with something, follow makes perfect. I discover mornings much more productive for me; I attempt to begin working before 9 a.m. This means I actually have the rest of the day to write no matter I want. If you may get all of your writing done before noon, you’re a winner. , but that always meant I was unable to write down for the rest of that week. I remember inserting an urgent order with them and so they refunded me since they could not send me the ultimate draft within the time I had specified. however that was on me because it was a 25 page project and I had solely given them 24 hours to complete it. EssayTubi had plenty of sources for reviews exterior of their site. They actually don’t suppress the nice, the bad, or the ugly. However, their customer service tries to remedy negative reviews as a lot as potential. The ranking web site EssayTubi provides them an general rating of 4 stars out of five. Next, determine your approach â€" how are you going to sort out the question? It's your essay and, as long as you keep relating your arguments to the query, you'll be able to take it in any path you choose. The actual fact that they are brief and worded in a very simple method means you're probably anticipated to assemble a way more authentic and complicated essay to respond to it. If you have been given a alternative of essay questions, you should select the one you have essentially the most data about, or have some sturdy opinions on. Still, you’ll be shocked at how much more productive coming to the truth that there’s nothing known as muse can make you. A large a part of my writing, especially after I’m doing shopper work, depends on the web for research. I’ve found writing easier and pleasurable by growing a habit of writing every day; daily now, for the previous sixteen days, I have been writing an article very first thing within the morning. Managing working at intervals, and taking breaks, could be difficult, so I depend on an app calledTeamvizto assist me automate this; it has a to-do record and a timer, and it may be installed on your laptop. Assign your self chunks of time to reach sure milestones, as this breaks down the large daunting task and provides extra motivation every time you tick off one of many comparatively straightforward mini-tasks. There are many reasons college students find themselves in this pressurised scenario . We're not here to gauge, quite help you make one of the best of a tough scenario. You had every intention of getting your essay done before the deadline, however typically life can get in the way in which. According to their very own wording, Turnitin does not give a plagiarism verdict, but a similarity rating for universities to interpret themselves. The paper will certainly get flagged if you bought it on a public database already cached by Turnitin. If, nevertheless, you bought the paper privately, then chances of detection diminish considerably. In one other informative article, we gave a comprehensive information to buying essays. This article will focus on plagiarism detection, and handle this concern in detail. This Reddit evaluate of Crowned Pro Writers says they have been impressed with their consistent communication, quality of labor, and good pricing construction. As mentioned, essays bought from public databases will get flagged by Turnitin and the source revealed within the similarity rating. They are solely good for serving to you together with your revision â€" you can't submit them and move them off as yours as the school will know and suspend you. All paperwork submitted by college students to each database ultimately find yourself in a single pool. To keep away from Turniting flagging your paper, you will need to rewrite and paraphrase the plagiarized textual content and run the paper via Turnitin until all plagiarism is gone.

Best Essay Writing Service Reddit 2019

Best Essay Writing Service Reddit 2019 Once you've decided on your method to answering the question, you should have the ability to form a reasonably solid plan for the body of the essay. It may be helpful to provide you with a quick reply in your head, as this offers you a basic idea of what to write down about and means you will not have to maintain rereading the query. If well paraphrased and re-written, Turnitin does probably not detect paraphrasing. The software program solely detects matching content material, mostly a word-for-word match with one other document on-line in its database. I used to imagine this fable too, and I was a idiot for doing so. Now, by debunking it, I’ve had the best 16 days of my life; the only downside I now have is determining what concepts to write on. However, be careful not to submit the paper to Turnitin’s repository till the paper is one hundred% clean. If Turnitin detects a paper is plagiarized, it will spotlight the plagiarized text and even convey up a hyperlink to websites containing documents that match the plagiarized textual content. Papers bought on public platforms might show a hundred% plagiarism. This applies everytime you’re not in a great temper (you awakened on the wrong facet of the mattress?), whenever you break a certain productiveness rule or whenever you want a refresh earlier than you start writing once more. Believe me, writing before dealing with the pressure from these websites can go a protracted way to prepare you for the day. You get really good at writing by training your writing muscular tissues; with writing, simply as with something, follow makes perfect. I discover mornings much more productive for me; I attempt to begin working before 9 a.m. This means I actually have the rest of the day to write no matter I want. If you may get all of your writing done before noon, you’re a winner. , but that always meant I was unable to write down for the rest of that week. I remember inserting an urgent order with them and so they refunded me since they could not send me the ultimate draft within the time I had specified. however that was on me because it was a 25 page project and I had solely given them 24 hours to complete it. EssayTubi had plenty of sources for reviews exterior of their site. They actually don’t suppress the nice, the bad, or the ugly. However, their customer service tries to remedy negative reviews as a lot as potential. The ranking web site EssayTubi provides them an general rating of 4 stars out of five. Next, determine your approach â€" how are you going to sort out the question? It's your essay and, as long as you keep relating your arguments to the query, you'll be able to take it in any path you choose. The actual fact that they are brief and worded in a very simple method means you're probably anticipated to assemble a way more authentic and complicated essay to respond to it. If you have been given a alternative of essay questions, you should select the one you have essentially the most data about, or have some sturdy opinions on. Still, you’ll be shocked at how much more productive coming to the truth that there’s nothing known as muse can make you. A large a part of my writing, especially after I’m doing shopper work, depends on the web for research. I’ve found writing easier and pleasurable by growing a habit of writing every day; daily now, for the previous sixteen days, I have been writing an article very first thing within the morning. Managing working at intervals, and taking breaks, could be difficult, so I depend on an app calledTeamvizto assist me automate this; it has a to-do record and a timer, and it may be installed on your laptop. Assign your self chunks of time to reach sure milestones, as this breaks down the large daunting task and provides extra motivation every time you tick off one of many comparatively straightforward mini-tasks. There are many reasons college students find themselves in this pressurised scenario . We're not here to gauge, quite help you make one of the best of a tough scenario. You had every intention of getting your essay done before the deadline, however typically life can get in the way in which. According to their very own wording, Turnitin does not give a plagiarism verdict, but a similarity rating for universities to interpret themselves. The paper will certainly get flagged if you bought it on a public database already cached by Turnitin. If, nevertheless, you bought the paper privately, then chances of detection diminish considerably. In one other informative article, we gave a comprehensive information to buying essays. This article will focus on plagiarism detection, and handle this concern in detail. This Reddit evaluate of Crowned Pro Writers says they have been impressed with their consistent communication, quality of labor, and good pricing construction. As mentioned, essays bought from public databases will get flagged by Turnitin and the source revealed within the similarity rating. They are solely good for serving to you together with your revision â€" you can't submit them and move them off as yours as the school will know and suspend you. All paperwork submitted by college students to each database ultimately find yourself in a single pool. To keep away from Turniting flagging your paper, you will need to rewrite and paraphrase the plagiarized textual content and run the paper via Turnitin until all plagiarism is gone.

Writing An Anthropology Paper

Writing An Anthropology Paper copy and multipurpose paper can enchantment to customers with a variety of printing wants â€" from excessive-end stories and general handouts to quality displays in a creative portfolio. In any printed project, the type of paper used can play a significant function, if not the starring one, in how the piece comes across. The size of the printer paper, its colour, weight, coating, brightness, opacity, and different factors ought to come into play when choosing the right one for a job. Today, bond paper is used, for example, for stationary, letterhead, and drawings with pencils, ink, and markers. Specially formulated for printing high-high quality images with an inkjet printer, photo paper is matte or glossy. For instance, paper created from a mix of wooden pulp and cotton (generally seventy five% and 25%) has an expensive feel and is made to last, so it can be good for archival initiatives. Printer paper can come in a rainbow assortment of colors, starting from clear, off-white and yellow to purple, tan, and black . Color paper can pop out in a sea of white, serving to a design or graphic stand out with revolutionary makes use of. Serving High School, College, and University students, their academics, and unbiased researchers since 2000. Data driven insights assist determine whether or not students are doing their own work, enabling you to uphold your institution’s commitment to instructional excellence. While most paper is made from wood fibers, there is also paper produced from material, synthetic fibers, and even plastic, all serving specialised purposes. A ream of paper is a wrapped pack containing 500 sheets of paper. Copy and printer paper is bought by particular person reams but additionally in instances which could include 5 or 10 reams. Other instances are reamless and could have 2000 sheets of paper not separated into reams. This refers to how light interacts with a paper. Since the idea measurement might differ, comparing paper weights may be exhausting to do. For example, a 28-pound multipurpose paper is probably not the same weight or thickness as a 28-pound premium or cardstock paper. Paper thickness is often thought-about when looking at cardstock and, typically, measures the thickness of paper in points, where one level equals one-thousandth or .001 inches. paper is .01 inches thick, 20 point is .02 inches, and so on. Taken together, the paper weight and thickness reveal how sturdy a stock is, with thicker, heavier paper offering greater durability than a thin, mild one. Measured on a zero to 100 scale, the brightness of a web page will affect the sharpness of a printed job’s images and textual content. Yes, size does matter when shopping for printing paper. You can unsubscribe at any time at the bottom of any e mail you obtain from Google Docs. With Google Docs, everybody can work collectively in the identical doc on the identical time. With Google Docs, you can write, edit, and collaborate wherever you are. If multiple folks need to work on a doc at the identical time then that is no drawback. You can see the place your colleagues are typing directly in the editor and their modifications show up in your display immediately. This paper has a high content material of cotton rags or cotton textile fibers in its composition, giving it a thicker, more substantial texture. The name “bond paper” goes again to the late 19th century when this type of paper was used to print authorities bonds and different official paperwork. No matter what sort of job that needs to be printed out â€" starting from a business card to a large-format printout of an architectural plan â€" there’s a paper size to accommodate it. There are so many selections of paper out there that it can typically be difficult to know where to start wanting. This printing guide may help clarify the choices in order that your subsequent printed piece can take a bow for a job properly done. With Overleaf you get the same LaTeX set-up wherever you go. By working along with your colleagues and students on Overleaf, you understand that you're not going to hit any model inconsistencies or package conflicts.

Writing An Anthropology Paper

Writing An Anthropology Paper copy and multipurpose paper can enchantment to customers with a variety of printing wants â€" from excessive-end stories and general handouts to quality displays in a creative portfolio. In any printed project, the type of paper used can play a significant function, if not the starring one, in how the piece comes across. The size of the printer paper, its colour, weight, coating, brightness, opacity, and different factors ought to come into play when choosing the right one for a job. Today, bond paper is used, for example, for stationary, letterhead, and drawings with pencils, ink, and markers. Specially formulated for printing high-high quality images with an inkjet printer, photo paper is matte or glossy. For instance, paper created from a mix of wooden pulp and cotton (generally seventy five% and 25%) has an expensive feel and is made to last, so it can be good for archival initiatives. Printer paper can come in a rainbow assortment of colors, starting from clear, off-white and yellow to purple, tan, and black . Color paper can pop out in a sea of white, serving to a design or graphic stand out with revolutionary makes use of. Serving High School, College, and University students, their academics, and unbiased researchers since 2000. Data driven insights assist determine whether or not students are doing their own work, enabling you to uphold your institution’s commitment to instructional excellence. While most paper is made from wood fibers, there is also paper produced from material, synthetic fibers, and even plastic, all serving specialised purposes. A ream of paper is a wrapped pack containing 500 sheets of paper. Copy and printer paper is bought by particular person reams but additionally in instances which could include 5 or 10 reams. Other instances are reamless and could have 2000 sheets of paper not separated into reams. This refers to how light interacts with a paper. Since the idea measurement might differ, comparing paper weights may be exhausting to do. For example, a 28-pound multipurpose paper is probably not the same weight or thickness as a 28-pound premium or cardstock paper. Paper thickness is often thought-about when looking at cardstock and, typically, measures the thickness of paper in points, where one level equals one-thousandth or .001 inches. paper is .01 inches thick, 20 point is .02 inches, and so on. Taken together, the paper weight and thickness reveal how sturdy a stock is, with thicker, heavier paper offering greater durability than a thin, mild one. Measured on a zero to 100 scale, the brightness of a web page will affect the sharpness of a printed job’s images and textual content. Yes, size does matter when shopping for printing paper. You can unsubscribe at any time at the bottom of any e mail you obtain from Google Docs. With Google Docs, everybody can work collectively in the identical doc on the identical time. With Google Docs, you can write, edit, and collaborate wherever you are. If multiple folks need to work on a doc at the identical time then that is no drawback. You can see the place your colleagues are typing directly in the editor and their modifications show up in your display immediately. This paper has a high content material of cotton rags or cotton textile fibers in its composition, giving it a thicker, more substantial texture. The name “bond paper” goes again to the late 19th century when this type of paper was used to print authorities bonds and different official paperwork. No matter what sort of job that needs to be printed out â€" starting from a business card to a large-format printout of an architectural plan â€" there’s a paper size to accommodate it. There are so many selections of paper out there that it can typically be difficult to know where to start wanting. This printing guide may help clarify the choices in order that your subsequent printed piece can take a bow for a job properly done. With Overleaf you get the same LaTeX set-up wherever you go. By working along with your colleagues and students on Overleaf, you understand that you're not going to hit any model inconsistencies or package conflicts.

Bid4papers

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Can I Pay Someone To Write My Research Paper

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Writing An Abstract

Writing An Abstract Once quality assurance provides the inexperienced light, we deliver the final product to your inbox by the time you've got requested within the order form. Before the final supply, our quality assurance group checks the customized essay for high quality and plagiarism-free content material. And now I am within the pleased situation of solely experiencing late-evaluation guilt on Friday afternoons, when I still have some time forward of me to complete the week's review. Bear in mind that one of the dangerous traps a reviewer can fall into is failing to recognize and acknowledge their own bias. To me, it is biased to succeed in a verdict on a paper based mostly on how groundbreaking or novel the outcomes are, for example. Also, I wouldn’t advise early-career researchers to sign their critiques, no less than not until they either have a everlasting position or in any other case really feel steady of their careers. Although I believe that each one established professors ought to be required to signal, the fact is that some authors can maintain grudges towards reviewers. The greatest way to check in case your introduction and conclusion are efficient is to learn only the primary and final paragraphs of your paper. We have existed in the business for a considerably lengthy period, and thus, we've gained enough knowledge in regards to the confines of writing and what is anticipated. With the existence of over ten years, you are assured of nothing in need of typical experience. Also, you possibly can belief us to get the job done for you, being a genuine writing company. A vibrant and potent customer support staff is crucial to the success of any company, especially one working on-line. Check out how many data on each good subject is on the market on the web. You can discover a number of sources in your college or faculty reading heart, however attempt to choose only credible and lately published sources. As things change dynamically, you danger choosing outdated data in your work. Brainstorming is an effective apply when selecting the subject. Note down all the ideas to pick out one of the best topic later. We have a 24/7 customer support unit that's at your beck and call. Therefore, if you have any queries or considerations, be happy to visit our site for more fast assistance. You are lucky when you have permission to use library sources with all rights reserved. Usually, students have free access to the necessary supplies. Implications of those findings are mentioned relative to assisting couples throughout this difficult time of their lives. The study pattern comprised four,228 college students with SEND, aged 5â€"15, drawn from 305 main and secondary faculties throughout England. This paper presents reviews from 43,000 nurses from greater than 700 hospitals within the United States, Canada, England, Scotland, and Germany in 1998â€"1999. Your work must have an overview or desk of contents in order that a pupil knows how many pages there should be in his or her paper. According to all formatting guidelines, every section ought to be numbered, so you have to know ahead of the content of every web page. An outline serves as a general plan of your project. It is time to recall the formatting guidelines and cite the words of different people. Facts and statistics from the selected sources will serve as the proof for your arguments. Subscribe to get the most effective of what I write sent directly to your inbox. It is the second you determine what is the objective, focus and message of your article. In this post I share with you ideas on tips on how to discover a good title for your article. At the beginning of my profession, I wasted quite a lot of vitality feeling guilty about being behind in my reviewing. New requests and reminders from editors saved piling up at a faster price than I may full the evaluations and the problem seemed intractable. Do you have a burning question, remark or subject that you want to us to cowl in a blog publish or video? Please fill out this kind to sumbit your question. I virtually at all times do it in one sitting, something from 1 to 5 hours depending on the size of the paper. This varies widely, from a couple of minutes if there's clearly a significant problem with the paper to half a day if the paper is really interesting but there are features that I don't understand. If the analysis introduced in the paper has serious flaws, I am inclined to suggest rejection, except the shortcoming can be remedied with an affordable amount of revising.

Writing An Abstract

Writing An Abstract Once quality assurance provides the inexperienced light, we deliver the final product to your inbox by the time you've got requested within the order form. Before the final supply, our quality assurance group checks the customized essay for high quality and plagiarism-free content material. And now I am within the pleased situation of solely experiencing late-evaluation guilt on Friday afternoons, when I still have some time forward of me to complete the week's review. Bear in mind that one of the dangerous traps a reviewer can fall into is failing to recognize and acknowledge their own bias. To me, it is biased to succeed in a verdict on a paper based mostly on how groundbreaking or novel the outcomes are, for example. Also, I wouldn’t advise early-career researchers to sign their critiques, no less than not until they either have a everlasting position or in any other case really feel steady of their careers. Although I believe that each one established professors ought to be required to signal, the fact is that some authors can maintain grudges towards reviewers. The greatest way to check in case your introduction and conclusion are efficient is to learn only the primary and final paragraphs of your paper. We have existed in the business for a considerably lengthy period, and thus, we've gained enough knowledge in regards to the confines of writing and what is anticipated. With the existence of over ten years, you are assured of nothing in need of typical experience. Also, you possibly can belief us to get the job done for you, being a genuine writing company. A vibrant and potent customer support staff is crucial to the success of any company, especially one working on-line. Check out how many data on each good subject is on the market on the web. You can discover a number of sources in your college or faculty reading heart, however attempt to choose only credible and lately published sources. As things change dynamically, you danger choosing outdated data in your work. Brainstorming is an effective apply when selecting the subject. Note down all the ideas to pick out one of the best topic later. We have a 24/7 customer support unit that's at your beck and call. Therefore, if you have any queries or considerations, be happy to visit our site for more fast assistance. You are lucky when you have permission to use library sources with all rights reserved. Usually, students have free access to the necessary supplies. Implications of those findings are mentioned relative to assisting couples throughout this difficult time of their lives. The study pattern comprised four,228 college students with SEND, aged 5â€"15, drawn from 305 main and secondary faculties throughout England. This paper presents reviews from 43,000 nurses from greater than 700 hospitals within the United States, Canada, England, Scotland, and Germany in 1998â€"1999. Your work must have an overview or desk of contents in order that a pupil knows how many pages there should be in his or her paper. According to all formatting guidelines, every section ought to be numbered, so you have to know ahead of the content of every web page. An outline serves as a general plan of your project. It is time to recall the formatting guidelines and cite the words of different people. Facts and statistics from the selected sources will serve as the proof for your arguments. Subscribe to get the most effective of what I write sent directly to your inbox. It is the second you determine what is the objective, focus and message of your article. In this post I share with you ideas on tips on how to discover a good title for your article. At the beginning of my profession, I wasted quite a lot of vitality feeling guilty about being behind in my reviewing. New requests and reminders from editors saved piling up at a faster price than I may full the evaluations and the problem seemed intractable. Do you have a burning question, remark or subject that you want to us to cowl in a blog publish or video? Please fill out this kind to sumbit your question. I virtually at all times do it in one sitting, something from 1 to 5 hours depending on the size of the paper. This varies widely, from a couple of minutes if there's clearly a significant problem with the paper to half a day if the paper is really interesting but there are features that I don't understand. If the analysis introduced in the paper has serious flaws, I am inclined to suggest rejection, except the shortcoming can be remedied with an affordable amount of revising.

Injuries in Cricket - Free Essay Example

An Audit of Injuries in Cricket in Scotland in the 2008 Season Abstract Cricket is a popular sport played and followed by millions around the globe. It is a relatively non contact sport with a low to moderate risk of injury. However, in the last decade, the incidence of injury has been shown to be on the rise. This is possibly due to increase in workload for the modern cricketer. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to audit the prevalence and patterns of injuries in cricket in Scotland over a complete season. A study of this nature has never been undertaken in Scotland. This study will act as pilot study for a long term injury surveillance program in Scottish cricket. Cricket researchers have long been in favour of a world cricket injury surveillance report. This study, we reckon, will contribute to such a report when undertaken. Methods A questionnaire was sent to Cricket Scotland who in turn engaged 150 professional cricket players from the Scottish international team, SNCL Premier League, SNCL division I and division II. Involvement of the team coaches through the initiative of Cricket Scotland was sought to increase the compliance for return of the questionnaire. Results We received feedback from 26 of the 150 players that we approached. The numbers of injuries reported throughout the season were 18. An increased prevalence of injuries was apparent at the start of the season with 27% of all injuries occurring in April. Of all the players, 42% suffered injuries at some point of time during the season. Most of the injuries (66%) occurred in match situations. Acute injuries accounted for 60% of the. As expected, bowling was responsible for 36.84% of injuries while fielding caused 52.36% of injuries. Upper limb injuries contributed to 57.89% of the injuries. Finger injuries in the form of fractures or contusions had a prevalence rate of 15.29%. Lower limb injuries accounted for 31.58% of all injuries with knee and shin stress fracture being more common. Hamstring injuries having prevalence rate 16.67%. During the entire season, there was not a single case of head, neck or face injury. Midsection injuries accounted for 10.53 % of injuries with 5.26% prevalence rate for side or abdominal muscle strain. 35.29% of injuries took more than 6 weeks to heal enough for the player to participate in a match again, while almost half of the injured players took more than 4 weeks to recover from injury. Only 8.33% of international cricketers had access to a medical support team while 75% of players did not have injury advice at all. At the domestic level, medical support as well as provision of sports injury advice was lacking for 100% of players. Likewise, none of the clubs we came across had implemented injury data collection or monitoring program. Discussion The injury patterns and prevalence rates identified showed similarities to previous studies, especially for lower limb and fingers injuries. Bowling and fielding were recognised as major contributors for injury. The time lost due to injury as shown in the study is a concern. It is interesting to note that none of the domestic players had access to medical back up in the form of a doctor or a physiotherapist. Even at the international level only one player had a sports doctor to attend to his injuries. In summary, we identified a need for the provision of medical support to players for helping them to realise their full potential. A national database for cricket injuries within the confines of the Scottish government similar to the ACC or the SMAGG should be implemented. The ICC should look to help full as well as associate members in setting up injury prevention programs. It should allocate funds and provide expertise in the form trained personnel for the same. Appointment of injury statisticians for recording of injury data in every first class, one day or twenty 20 match should be looked at. At the end of every match an injury report should be sent to the team management, the SNCL which in turn will pass it on to the ICC. This collection of data should be anonymised as much as possible to help safeguard players interests. 1. Introduction Cricket is a popular sport played and followed by millions around the globe. It is a relatively non contact sport with a low to moderate risk of injury as compared to sports like hockey or football.1;2 However, in the last decade, the incidence of injury has been shown to be on the rise.3 This is possibly due to increase in workload for the modern cricketer. Intense competition, higher levels of fitness and skills required and increase in the number of matches played throughout the season has resulted in this trend. Furthermore, pressures of international travel and acclimitisation to foreign playing conditions in a matter of days have added to the stress. Although the popularity of cricket is on the rise, worldwide research into injuries has been dismal. The International Cricket Council (ICC), which governs the game, boasts a membership of 104 countries including 10 full, 34 associate and 60 affiliate members. However, most of the statistical data on incidence and prevalence of injuries comes from just four countries, namely, Australia, South Africa, England and the West Indies. Australia was the first country to introduce long term injury surveillance in professional cricket in the summer of 1998-99.2 The Sports Science Medicine Advisory Group (SSMAG) set up by Cricket Australia is responsible for the collection and maintenance of a long term injury database.3 Recently, the English and the South African Boards have set up their own injury surveillance programs. In New Zealand, the Accident Compensation Corporation is responsible for recording all sporting injuries. The rest of the test playing nations, however, along with the associate members of the ICC do not have programs implemented to record cricketing injuries. Although cricket has a vast following in the subcontinent, availability of statistical data regarding injuries is lacking. Similarly, a study of the nature and prevalence of injuries in cricket has never been undertaken in Scotland. In the backdrop of researchers pushing for a world cricket injury report, all test playing and associate member countries should set up injury surveillance programs to identify patterns along with prevalence and incidence of injuries. This would enable comparisons of data across varying sets of playing conditions prevailing in different countries. 2. Injuries in Cricket Although cricket is a non contact sport, injuries are quite common, especially in fast bowlers.4-7 Some instances of death due to cricket have also been documented in literature.8 Importance of Injury Surveillance Long term injury surveillance in sport is the basis for prevention of injuries. Identification of causes with subsequent designing and implementation of interventions forms the sequence of prevention of injuries.9 Surveillance of injuries across nations has however proved to be more difficult than previously thought. Over the years, different studies have sought to define injury in cricket and devise methods for injury surveillance.10-14 However, disparity in the definitions used by different researchers has been a problem in comparing injury rates from across the world. 3;12;15 Orchard et al. defined injury in cricket as any injury or medical condition that either (a) prevents a player from being fully available for selection for a major match or (b) during a major match, causes a player to be unable to bat, bowl or keep wickets when required by either the rules or the teams captain 3;12.whereas,Leary et al. defined injury in cricket as an event which caused a player to seek medical attention.10 Overall Incidence of Injuries Different studies report injury incidence in cricket varying from 2.6 to 333/ 10,000 player hours.1;2;16;17 Of all the Accident and Emergency department presentations in Australia, 8% cases were cricket related injuries, making cricket the 5th commonest injury prone sport in Australia.2 In South Africa, Stretch found that there was an injury incidence per player of 1.6 to 1.91 per season; also 49% of all players get injured sometime throughout a season.13 Leary et. al. in their 10 year study of professional English county cricketers found the acute injury incidence to be 57.4 per 1000 days of cricket.10 Injuries by anatomical site Lower limb injuries are the most common with an incidence of 45% to 49.8% where as trunk (20-32.6%) and upper limb (18.9 to 29 %) were the other sites commonly involved.7;10;13 The tissues mostly involved are muscles and other soft tissues (41.0%), joints (22.2%), tendons (13.2%), and ligaments (6.2%).7 Muscle strains were found to be most common. Of the lower limb injuries, hamstring injuries were reported to be most common by Orchard et al (11% of all injuries).2 Most of these were in the form of muscle strains and tears especially in bowlers and fielders.18 Knee injuries, usually comprise of joint sprains (27.6%), tendonitis (26.5%) and contusions (16.3%).10 Orchard et al reported that knee ligament injuries were uncommon in cricket. An interesting observation was that cricketers were more likely to suffer from knee ligament injuries during the game of football that cricketers play as a form of pre-match warming up or cross training. Groin injuries in bowlers (8% of all injuries in bowlers) and batsmen (9% of all injuries in batsmen) had an overall incidence of 7%. 2 Stress fractures of the tibia, fibula and foot, and ankle sprains occurred mostly in fast bowlers and had a combined incidence of 6% in the study conducted by Orchard et al.2 Upper limb injuries make up 19.8% to 34.1% of all injuries in cricket.2;17;18 Most of these are finger injuries due to ball impact occurring during fielding or batting.1;7;18;19 Contusions account for a major share of finger injuries (40%) while fractures/dislocations (28.9%) and joint sprains (23%) are the other finger injuries commonly encountered.10 Although, most of the finger injuries in cricket have a satisfactory treatment outcome, cricketers report a residual component of occasional pain or minor swelling and / or deformity.19 Most of the wicket keepers have been known to carry finger injuries but rarely report them for the fear of being made to miss the match. Shoulder injuries usually occur in fielders and bowlers while batsmen and wicket keepers are characteristically spared.10;18 Shoulder tendon injuries were reported to comprise of 6% of all injuries by Orchard et al. 2, Supraspinatus tendon was seen to be mostly affected. Incidence of shoulder dislocation or subluxation was shown to be low 1%. Upper limb lacerations or fractures were reported to have a low incidence and occurred mostly in batsmen.2 Side strain occurring on the non dominant arm in bowlers is quite notorious to heal.2 Incidence of side or abdominal muscle strain is 9% of all injuries; 1% of all cricket injuries are side strains due to a stress or traumatic fracture of the rib.2 The overall incidence of back and trunk injuries accounted was 18% to 33% of all injuries.7;16-18 Fast bowlers were found to be at particular risk of developing lower back injury.4;20-24 So much so that Foster et al. and Bell have likened the injuries in fast bowlers to en epidemic.4;25 The incidence for head, neck and face injuries vary from 5% to 25 % usually resulting from impact of the cricket ball causing lacerations or contusions and rarely concussions.1;2;13;16-18 Weightman and Brown reported a quarter of cricket injuries to be concussions due to a ball impact on the head.1 This was probably due to the fact that use of helmets in cricket was not in fashion when the study was conducted. Of the cervical spine injuries, 63.6% were in the form of sprains or strains resulting from batting for long periods of time.7 Jones and Tullo reported an incidence of 9% for eye injuries in sports in the UK.26 Although, eye injuries in cricket are rare, some studies have reported a few cases associated with cricket.27;28 These are usually more severe. Seasonal Variation of injuries Injuries in cricket are shown to occur more at the start of the season and then at the end of the season.7;10 The highest incidence number of injuries mostly muscle, tendon and ligament injuries occur at the start of the season (April-27.3%).10 While injuries like fractures or dislocations occur with the same frequency throughout the season. Stretch reported a similar incidence of higher injuries at the start of the season (32.3%) compared to than mid-season (21.7%) or towards the end (12.5%) or offseason (12.5%).18 Role performed in the team Stretch reported an injury incidence according to activity as follows: bowling (41.3%), fielding and wicket keeping (28.6%), and batting (17.1%).18 A study by Orchard et al, however reports that wicketkeepers had the lowest injury incidence (2%) probably because of minimal sprinting, throwing or bowling.2 Bowlers usually sustained lower limb or back injuries while fielders and wicket keepers usually suffered upper limb (42.9%) or lower limb injuries (40.6%). Batsman on the other hand suffered mainly lower limb injuries (54.4%). Delivery and follow through of the fast bowler (25.6%), overuse (18.3%), and fielding (21.4%) were the main mechanisms of injury.18 Age Incidence Young fast bowlers tend to get injured more often.7;13;14;18 Also the incidence of overuse injuries in cricketers in the age group of 19-24 years tends to be higher than their older counterparts.7 An important observation in a study by Stretch is that all 14 stress fractures occurred in young cricketers with 13 of them due to bowling.7 Chronicity of injury Acute injuries account for 64.8% of all injuries while 16.6% are chronic and 25.4% of the injuries are of acute on chronic nature. Majority of injuries are first time injuries (64.5%) while recurrent injuries from the previous season account for 22.8% of injuries.13 Recovery time of injuries In a study by Stretch, 47.8% of injured players were able to return to play within a week while 28.4% took 3 week. However, 23.8% of the players were not able to train or play matches even more than 3 weeks after the incidence.7 3.0 Methodolgy 3.1 Aim of the Study The aim of the study was to audit the prevalence and patterns of injuries occurring in cricket in Scotland over a complete season. A study of this nature has never been undertaken in Scotland. This study will act as pilot study for a long term injury surveillance program in Scottish cricket. Cricket researchers have long been in favour of a world cricket injury surveillance report. This study, we reckon, will contribute to such a report, if and when it is undertaken. 3.2 Study design The study was a retrospective, questionnaire based study carried out online with the support of Cricket Scotland. The involvement of Cricket Scotland, the national governing body for the sport in Scotland, we hoped, would increase the response rate for the questionnaires and thus the reliability of the audit. We feared that compliance would be an issue. However, we were hopeful that involvement of the club coaches via the governing body for cricket in Scotland would maximise the return rate. The first class structure for cricket in Scotland, Scottish National Cricket League (SNCL) is divided into three levels, the SNCL Premiere League, the SNCL division I and the SNCL division II. Each of these levels consists of 10 teams, playing each other home and away. In addition, there is an under 19s Scottish cricket team. Each of the first class teams plays an extra game with the under 19s, making a total of 19 matches over the season for each team. Cricket Scotland distributed the questionnaire to 150 elite cricketers from the international team as well as those in the three divisions of the SNCL. The audit assessed areas such as nature of injury, body part affected, mechanism of injury, recovery time, etc as well as the provision of medical support at the club (see attached questionnaire). Data was recorded from the feedback received from the questionnaire. Data analysis was done on a prevalence percentage basis and comparisons made with the limited existing studies. 3.3 Ethical Approval Ethical approval for undertaking this study was sought from and granted by the Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee for Non Clinical Research involving Human Subjects, University of Glasgow, Scotland. 3.4 Subjects The subjects involved in the study were 150 elite cricket players from the Scottish national team and clubs in the top 3 divisions of the Scottish National Cricket league (SNCL). 3.5 Data Analysis Minitab 15.1 was used to carry out statistical analysis whereas Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to provide graphical analysis of the data. Also, for comparison with the existing data, literature searches were carried out using Reference Manager Professional Network Edition 12.0. The databases used were Pubmed and ISI Web of Knowledge for the period of 1970 to 2009 with key words for search being cricket, injury, surveillance, patterns, incidence, and prevalence. The review considered all papers up to May 2009 relevant to definition, incidence, prevalence, causes and prevention of injuries in cricket. 4.0 Results During the study, Cricket Scotland distributed the questionnaires to 150 cricket players from the international team and the three divisions of the SNCL. To improve the response rate, the coaches were instructed get the players to fill in the questionnaires. We received feedback from 26 of the 150 players that we approached. Of these, almost 77% were of current international status with 85% having represented Scotland at some point in their careers. In the SNCL, 73.08% of all players represent the premier division, 19.23% division 1 while only one player each featured in division 2 and domestic matches outside the SNCL. 73% of the players that responded were in the age group of 19-25 while 15.38% were in the under 19 age group of and 12% in the over 24 age group. Batsmen comprised of 35% of players while bowlers and all-rounders formed a major share of 64%. Only one wicketkeeper featured in the study. The percentage of players who appeared in more than 30 matches over the season was 46% while 23% played between 11-30 matches. The numbers of injuries reported throughout the season were 18. An increased prevalence of injuries was apparent at the start of the season with 27% of all injuries occurring in April. This then leveled off as the season progressed. Of all the players, 42% suffered injuries at some point of time during the season. Most of the injuries (66%) occurred in match situations. Acute injuries accounted for 60% of the injuries while acute or gradual recurrence of a previous injury was responsible for 35% of the cases. As expected, bowling was responsible for 36.84% of injuries while fielding (along with catching and throwing) caused 52.36% of injuries with throwing alone was responsible for 10% of all injuries. Regional Distribution of injuries Upper limb injuries contributed to 57.89% of the injuries, with shoulder tendon injury accounting for 27.27% of all upper limb and 15.79% of all injuries. Injuries to the fingers in the form of fractures or contusions had a prevalence rate of 15.29% for all injuries and 27.27% of all upper limb injuries. Lower limb injuries accounted for 31.58% of all injuries with knee and shin stress fracture being more common. Hamstring injuries having prevalence rate 16.67%. During the entire season, there was not a single case of head, neck or face injury. Midsection injuries accounted for 10.53 % of injuries with 5.26% prevalence rate for side or abdominal muscle strain. 35.29% of injuries took more than 6 weeks to heal enough for the player to participate in a match again, while almost half of the injured players took more than 4 weeks to recover from injury. Injury Advice and Surveillance In our analysis we found that only 8.33% of international cricketers had any access to a medical support team in the form of a physiotherapist while 75% of players at did not have injury advice at all. Also, of all the players, only 7.69% had some sort of injury prevention advice at their club. At the domestic level, provision of sports injury advice as well as medical support was lacking for 100% of players. Likewise, none of the clubs have implemented injury data collection or monitoring program. Table I. Type of injuries in the 2008 season Type of Injury International SNCL (domestic) Head / Face Fractures Eyes Other Neck Sprains Other Shoulder Tendon / muscle Dislocation / subluxation Arm / Elbow / Forearm Fracture Other Wrist / Palm Dislocation/Fracture Split webbing Other Fingers Fractures Other Trunk Abd/Side strain Other Back Lumbar stress fracture Other Groin/Hip Ham / Quad Knee Ligament Other Shin /Ankle / Foot Stress fracture Sprains Other 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Total 13 5 5.0 Discussion The prevalence of injuries in Scottish cricket players both international and domestic over a season was ascertained in this study. Players in Scotland do not feature in as many matches over a season as players from places like Australia or India. As such, injury rates have not reached alarming proportions but the injury patterns and prevalence rates do show some similarities. The distribution of injuries according to anatomical site is similar to other studies, especially prevalence rate for lower limb fingers injuries. Bowling and fielding were recognised as major contributors for injury. Seasonal variations are also similar to a previous English study.10 The time lost due to injury as shown in the study is a concern. Proper injury prevention advice can help in avoiding injuries (most notable being those due to bowling). It is interesting to note that none of the domestic players had access to medical back up in the form of a doctor or a physiotherapist. Even at the international level only one player had a sports doctor to attend to his injuries. In summary, we identified a need for the provision of medical support to players for helping them to realise their full potential. An injury free player is more likely to perform to the best of his ability ensuring good performance of the team. A successful team in turn can attract sponsors thereby further enhancing the injury aspect of the game. A national database for cricket injuries within the confines of the Scottish government similar to the ACC or the SMAGG should be implemented. The ICC should look to help full as well as associate members in setting up injury prevention programs. The ICC should allocate funds and provide expertise in the form trained personnel for the same. Appointment of injury statisticians for recording of injury data in every first class, one day or twenty 20 match should be looked at. At the end of every match an injury report should be sent to the team management, the SNCL which in turn will pass it on to the ICC. This collection of data should be anonymised as much as possible to help safeguard players interests. 6.0 Methodological Limitations 6.1 Subjects The response we got for the questionnaire was not as good as expected. Unforeseen logistics and strategic problems due to prior commitment of the Scottish international team due to the World twenty 20 Cup and the domestic teams in the being busy in the final stages of the season hampered the feedback from the players. The selection of players from the elite level did serve the purpose of determining injury prevalence at the highest level. However, patterns of injury at the school and junior level need to be identified as well. 6.2 Procedural Since it was a retrospective study, the authenticity of injuries reported form memory by the players can be questioned. Injuries should ideally have been diagnosed and recorded by professional medical personnel like a physiotherapist or a sports doctor. Furthermore, this study looked into injuries over just one season. Having said so, this study can prove to be a pilot project on which future research can be based. 6.3 Statistical and Analytical We calculated prevalence of the different types of injuries. However, the study did not look into the incidence rates of different injuries. The incidence rates along with prevalence rates as done by some previous studies would have been a better reflection of injuries affecting professional cricketers in Scotland. 7.0 Future Research In the future, researchers should ideally look to conduct a prospective study over a number of years to identify the consistent injury patterns. Also, diagnosis and recording of injuries by professional medical staff with maintainence of an nationwide epidemiological injury database should be aimed at. Also, impact of provision medical support staff on improved performance of the players and the team as a whole needs to be looked into. 8.0 Reference List (1) Weightman D, Browne RC. Injuries in Eleven Selected Sports. Br J Sports Med 1975; 9(3):136-141. (2) Orchard J, James T, Alcott E, Carter S, Farhart P. Injuries in Australian cricket at first class level 1995/1996 to 2000/2001. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36(4):270-274. (3) Orchard JW, James T, Portus MR. Injuries to elite male cricketers in Australia over a 10-year period. J Sci Med Sport 2006; 9(6):459-467. (4) Foster D, John D, Elliott B, Ackland T, Fitch K. Back injuries to fast bowlers in cricket: a prospective study. Br J Sports Med 1989; 23(3):150-154. (5) Hardcastle P, Annear P, Foster DH, Chakera TM, McCormick C, Khangure M et al. Spinal abnormalities in young fast bowlers. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992; 74(3):421-425. (6) Hardcastle PH. Repair of spondylolysis in young fast bowlers. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993; 75(3):398-402. (7) Stretch RA. Cricket injuries: a longitudinal study of the nature of injuries to South African cricketers. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37(3):250-253. (8) Brasch R. How did sports begin? Sydney: Camberwell: Longman; 1971. (9) Van MW, Hlobil H, Kemper HCG. Incidence Severity Aetiology and Prevention of Sports Injuries A Review of Concepts. Sports Medicine 1992; 14(2):82-99. (10) Leary T, White JA. Acute injury incidence in professional county club cricket players (1985-1995). Br J Sports Med 2000; 34(2):145-147. (11) Mitchell R, Hayen A. Defining a cricket injury. J Sci Med Sport 2005; 8(3):357-358. (12) Orchard J, Newman D, Stretch R, Frost W, Mansingh A, Leipus A. Methods for injury surveillance in international cricket. J Sci Med Sport 2005; 8(1):1-14. (13) Stretch RA. The incidence and nature of injuries in first-league and provincial cricketers. S Afr Med J 1993; 83(5):339-342. (14) Stretch RA. The seasonal incidence and nature of injuries in schoolboy cricketers. S Afr Med J 1995; 85(11):1182-1184. (15) Finch CF, Elliott BC, McGrath AC. Measures to prevent cricket injuries: an overview. Sports Med 1999; 28(4):263-272. (16) Corrigan AB. Cricket injuries. Aust Fam Physician 1984; 13(8):558-9, 562. (17) Crisp T. Cricket: fast bowlers back and throwers shoulder. Practitioner 1989; 233(1469):790-792. (18) Stretch RA. Incidence and nature of epidemiological injuries to elite South African cricket players. S Afr Med J 2001; 91(4):336-339. (19) Belliappa PP, Barton NJ. Hand injuries in cricketers. J Hand Surg Br 1991; 16(2):212-214. (20) Bartlett RM, Stockill NP, Elliott BC, Burnett AF. The biomechanics of fast bowling in mens cricket: a review. J Sports Sci 1996; 14(5):403-424. (21) Bell PA. Spondylolysis in fast bowlers: principles of prevention and a survey of awareness among cricket coaches. Br J Sports Med 1992; 26(4):273-275. (22) Dennis R, Farhart P, Goumas C, Orchard J. Bowling workload and the risk of injury in elite cricket fast bowlers. J Sci Med Sport 2003; 6(3):359-367. (23) Dennis R, Farhart P, Clements M, Ledwidge H. The relationship between fast bowling workload and injury in first-class cricketers: a pilot study. J Sci Med Sport 2004; 7(2):232-236. (24) Engstrom CM, Walker DG. Pars interarticularis stress lesions in the lumbar spine of cricket fast bowlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39(1):28-33. (25) Bell P. Cricket: injury in long trousers. Br J Sports Med 1999; 33(3):151-152. (26) Jones NP, Tullo AB. Severe eye injuries in cricket. Br J Sports Med 1986; 20(4):178-179. (27) Abedin A, Chen HC. An uncommonly serious case of an uncommon sport injury. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39(8):e33. (28) Aburn N. Eye injuries in indoor cricket at Wellington Hospital: a survey January 1987 to June 1989. N Z Med J 1990; 103(898):454-456. Cover Letter for the Questionnaire An Audit of Injuries in Cricket in Scotland in the 2008 Season. With increased participation in cricket in Scotland, sports doctors and physiotherapists have become aware of a corresponding increase in cricket related injuries. Also, researchers worldwide have felt the need for a global injury incidence report to identify risk factors for subsequent designing and implementation of interventions for prevention of injuries. Some data regarding injuries in cricket is available from Australia, South Africa, England and the West Indies. However, epidemiological collection of data of injuries from the rest of the world is dismal, to say the least. In Scotland as well, there has never been any audit of injuries in cricket, time lost due to injuries, implementation of injury prevention program and provision of medical support to players. This audit aims to look at the type and prevalence of injuries that occurred over the 2008 season in cricket in Scotland, allowing an insight into the mechanisms of injury in cricket. We hope that this will assist the development of medical support and injury prevention programmes. This study would also contribute to a World Injury Incidence Report to be undertaken in the near future. This audit is being conducted by the Department of Sport Exercise Medicine, University of Glasgow with the support of Cricket Scotland. We are grateful for your valuable time spent in answering the questionnaire. If you have any questions regarding the study or the questionnaire please do not hesitate to contact either: Questionnaire Do you play international cricket? Yes, Currently Previously No Please indicate the level of domestic cricket that you play in. SNCL Premier SNCL Div 1 SNCL Div 2 Other Does your club provide access to sports injury advice and treatment? Yes No not sure If yes, who provides this support? Doctor Physiotherapist Sports Therapist Other Are you aware of an injury prevention program being followed at your club? Yes No not sure How old are you? 12-18 y 19-24 y 25-29 y 29 y What role do you perform in the team? Batsman Bowler All Rounder WKeeper Please specify the number of matches you played in the 2008 season. International Club Other Please specify the number of matches played by your club throughout the 2008 season. (Please put in an appropriate number in the box) Please specify the total number of players in your club squad at the start of the 2008 season. (Please put in an appropriate number in the box) Did you suffer any injuries during the 2008 season? Yes No If the answer to the above question is No, that is the end of the questionnaire. Thank you for your help. If however, the answer is Yes, please go to the next question Please specify the total number of injuries that you suffered in 2008. (For the purpose of this questionnaire we define an injury as the presence of pain or discomfort which prevented you from training or playing in the next match.) The rest of the questionnaire is related to the injuries you sustained during the 2008 season. Please fill in questions 1-9 for EACH of the injuries you reported in the question above. We have copied questions 1-9 five times to allow you to report up to 5 injuries. If you have had more than 5 injuries, please add the details at the end of the questionnaire. INJURY 1 1. Please tick the most appropriate box to describe this injury. Head, neck or face Fractured facial bones Eye injury Cut Other Neck Injury Muscle injury Other Shoulder Muscle/tendon injury Dislocation / subluxation Other Elbow/arm Fracture Muscle injury Other Wrist palm Dislocation / fracture Split webbing Other Thumb Injury Dislocation / fracture Other Fingers Fracture Other Trunk Abdominal /side strain Other Back Lumbar spine stress fracture Other Groin, hip or buttock injury Muscle injury Other Thigh muscle injury Hamstring muscle injury Calf muscle strain Knee Bony injury Cartilage injury Other Shin and foot Stress fracture Other Other injury not noted above (please specify injury site) 2. Have you injured this body part before? Yes No 3. What best describes the onset of this injury. Contact/sudden onset of new injury Gradual onset of new injury Sudden reoccurrence of previous injury Gradual reoccurrence of pervious injury 4. How did this injury occur? Batting Running between wickets Bowling Fielding Catching Throwing Wicket keeping 5. Where did this injury occur? Match Nets Warm up stretches General training (cross) If other, please specify (E.G. Sports other than cricket, not related to sports, work related etc) 6. What month of the season did this injury occur in? Apr-2008 May-2008 Jun-2008 Jul-2008 Aug-2008 Sep-2008 Out of season 7. How many matches did you miss as a result of this injury? None 1 3 4 6 6 8. How long did it take before you were able to return to training after this training? 1 Week 1-3 Weeks 4-6 Weeks 6 Weeks 9. How long did it take before you were able to return to playing after this injury? 1 Week 1-3 Weeks 4-6 Weeks 6 Weeks INJURY 2 1. Please tick the most appropriate box to describe this injury. Matriculation No. 0809366H Head, neck or face Fractured facial bones Eye injury Cut Other Neck Injury Muscle injury Other Shoulder Muscle/tendon injury Dislocation / subluxation Other Elbow/arm Fracture Muscle injury Other Wrist palm Dislocation / fracture Split webbing Other Thumb Injury Dislocation / fracture Other Fingers Fracture Other Trunk Abdominal /side strain Other Back Lumbar spine stress fracture Other Groin, hip or buttock injury Muscle injury Other Thigh muscle injury Hamstring muscle injury Calf muscle strain Knee Bony injury Cartilage injury Other Shin and foot Stress fracture Other Other injury not noted above (please specify injury site) 2. Have you injured this body part before? Yes No 3. What best describes the onset of this injury. Contact/sudden onset of new injury Gradual onset of new injury Sudden reoccurrence of previous injury Gradual reoccurrence of pervious injury 4. How did this injury occur? Batting Running between wickets Bowling Fielding Catching Throwing Wicket keeping 5. Where did this injury occur? Match Nets Warm up stretches General training (cross) If other, please specify (E.G. Sports other than cricket, not related to sports, work related etc) 6. What month of the season did this injury occur in? Apr-2008 May-2008 Jun-2008 Jul-2008 Aug-2008 Sep-2008 Out of season 7. How many matches did you miss as a result of this injury? None 1 3 4 6 6 8. How long did it take before you were able to return to training after this training? 1 Week 1-3 Weeks 4-6 Weeks 6 Weeks 9. How long did it take before you were able to return to playing after this injury? 1 Week 1-3 Weeks 4-6 Weeks 6 Weeks INJURY 3 1. Please tick the most appropriate box to describe this injury. Head, neck or face Fractured facial bones Eye injury Cut Other Neck Injury Muscle injury Other Shoulder Muscle/tendon injury Dislocation / subluxation Other Elbow/arm Fracture Muscle injury Other Wrist palm Dislocation / fracture Split webbing Other Thumb Injury Dislocation / fracture Other Fingers Fracture Other Trunk Abdominal /side strain Other Back Lumbar spine stress fracture Other Groin, hip or buttock injury Muscle injury Other Thigh muscle injury Hamstring muscle injury Calf muscle strain Knee Bony injury Cartilage injury Other Shin and foot Stress fracture Other Other injury not noted above (please specify injury site) 2. Have you injured this body part before? Yes No 3. What best describes the onset of this injury. Contact/sudden onset of new injury Gradual onset of new injury Sudden reoccurrence of previous injury Gradual reoccurrence of pervious injury 4. How did this injury occur? Batting Running between wickets Bowling Fielding Catching Throwing Wicket keeping 5. Where did this injury occur? Match Nets Warm up stretches General training (cross) If other, please specify (E.G. Sports other than cricket, not related to sports, work related etc) 6. What month of the season did this injury occur in? Apr-2008 May-2008 Jun-2008 Jul-2008 Aug-2008 Sep-2008 Out of season 7. How many matches did you miss as a result of this injury? None 1 3 4 6 6 8. How long did it take before you were able to return to training after this training? 1 Week 1-3 Weeks 4-6 Weeks 6 Weeks 9. How long did it take before you were able to return to playing after this injury? 1 Week 1-3 Weeks 4-6 Weeks 6 Weeks INJURY 4 1. Please tick the most appropriate box to describe this injury. Head, neck or face Fractured facial bones Eye injury Cut Other Neck Injury Muscle injury Other Shoulder Muscle/tendon injury Dislocation / subluxation Other Elbow/arm Fracture Muscle injury Other Wrist palm Dislocation / fracture Split webbing Other Thumb Injury Dislocation / fracture Other Fingers Fracture Other Trunk Abdominal /side strain Other Back Lumbar spine stress fracture Other Groin, hip or buttock injury Muscle injury Other Thigh muscle injury Hamstring muscle injury Calf muscle strain Knee Bony injury Cartilage injury Other Shin and foot Stress fracture Other Other injury not noted above (please specify injury site) 2. Have you injured this body part before? Yes No 3. What best describes the onset of this injury. Contact/sudden onset of new injury Gradual onset of new injury Sudden reoccurrence of previous injury Gradual reoccurrence of pervious injury 4. How did this injury occur? Batting Running between wickets Bowling Fielding Catching Throwing Wicket keeping 5. Where did this injury occur? Match Nets Warm up stretches General training (cross) If other, please specify (E.G. Sports other than cricket, not related to sports, work related etc) 6. What month of the season did this injury occur in? Apr-2008 May-2008 Jun-2008 Jul-2008 Aug-2008 Sep-2008 Out of season 7. How many matches did you miss as a result of this injury? None 1 3 4 6 6 8. How long did it take before you were able to return to training after this training? 1 Week 1-3 Weeks 4-6 Weeks 6 Weeks 9. How long did it take before you were able to return to playing after this injury? 1 Week 1-3 Weeks 4-6 Weeks 6 Weeks INJURY 5 1. What was the diagnosis of this injury? Please tick the most appropriate box to describe this injury. Head, neck or face Fractured facial bones Eye injury Cut Other Neck Injury Muscle injury Other Shoulder Muscle/tendon injury Dislocation / subluxation Other Elbow/arm Fracture Muscle injury Other Wrist palm Dislocation / fracture Split webbing Other Thumb Injury Dislocation / fracture Other Fingers Fracture Other Trunk Abdominal /side strain Other Back Lumbar spine stress fracture Other Groin, hip or buttock injury Muscle injury Other Thigh muscle injury Hamstring muscle injury Calf muscle strain Knee Bony injury Cartilage injury Other Shin and foot Stress fracture Other Other injury not noted above (please specify injury site) 2. Have you injured this body part before? Yes No 3. What best describes the onset of this injury. Contact/sudden onset of new injury Gradual onset of new injury Sudden reoccurrence of previous injury Gradual reoccurrence of pervious injury 4. How did this injury occur? Batting Running between wickets Bowling Fielding Catching Throwing Wicket keeping 5. Where did this injury occur? Match Nets Warm up stretches General training (cross) If other, please specify (E.G. Sports other than cricket, not related to sports, work related etc) 6. What month of the season did this injury occur in? Apr-2008 May-2008 Jun-2008 Jul-2008 Aug-2008 Sep-2008 Out of season 7. How many matches did you miss as a result of this injury? None 1 3 4 6 6 8. How long did it take before you were able to return to training after this training? 1 Week 1-3 Weeks 4-6 Weeks 6 Weeks 9. How long did it take before you were able to return to playing after this injury? 1 Week 1-3 Weeks 4-6 Weeks 6 Weeks For more than 5 injuries If you have had more than 5 injuries during the season, please add details (of injures not already mentioned)